Operation Gladio: The Unholy Alliance Between the Vatican, the CIA, and the Mafia

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Richard Norton-Taylor, " The Gladio File: did fear of communism throw West into the arms of terrorists?", in The Guardian, December 5, 1990 The Danish stay-behind army was code-named Absalon, after a Danish archbishop, and led by E. J. Harder. It was hidden in the military secret service Forsvarets Efterretningstjeneste (FE). In 1978, William Colby, former director of the CIA, released his memoirs in which he described the setting-up of stay-behind armies in Scandinavia: [39]

Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War Eyes on target: ‘Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War

With the breakout of the Korean War in the early 1950s, the relationship between the two blocs had become tense, close to rupture. The question of creating a resistance network to ‘leave behind’ if Western Europe was overrun by the Warsaw Pact was seen as a concrete and compelling one. Del Pero, Mario (2001). "The United States and "Psychological Warfare" in Italy, 1948–1955". The Journal of American History. 87 (4): 1304–1334. doi: 10.2307/2674730. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 2674730. PMID 17152679. Regine Igel, Andreotti. Politik zwischen Geheimdienst und Mafia, 1997, Herbig Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH, Munich ( ISBN 3-7766-1951-1). (in German)

Questions relating to the general structure of the organisation and recruiting external personnel were also discussed, though with less urgency (particularly on the Italian side). Above all else, SIFAR was concerned with questions regarding the use of training centres for its own aims. Secret Warfare: Operation Gladio and NATO's Stay-Behind Armies". Parallel History Project. October 2016.

Operation Gladio - Wikipedia

Gladiosu'nu çözen savcı: En etkili Gladio sizde". SABAH (in Turkish). 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020 . Retrieved 20 February 2015. A first level, formed by elements that would remain in occupied territory. They were to be difficult to detect, “unsuspectable”, gathered in cell structures, and subdivided by operational specialisation; Both military intelligence and Staatsveiligheid maintained dossiers on Gladio training activities, of which incomplete versions were made available to the parliamentary committee. Events from the list of operations by the military branch was provided by Coëme and is denoted by A, while events from the list from the archives of the Staatsveiligheid (titled " Overzicht oefeningen in het kader ACC – periode 1980-1990") is denoted by B: El secretario de la OTAN elude precisar si España tuvo relación con la red Gladio, El País, November 24, 1990 (in Spanish)After the training course with British intelligence – which, however, seems not to have taken place – one of the chosen officials (Felice Santini, Colonel of the Italian Air Force) would assume his duties as the general coordinator of the new network, while the other six would take control of its operative branches: intelligence, sabotage, propaganda, communications, cipher, and exfiltration. Leo A. Müller, Gladio. Das Erbe des kalten Krieges, 1991, RoRoRo-Taschenbuch Aktuell no 12993 ( ISBN 3499 129930). (in German) A) 1980: Training on parachute-jumping, long-distance radio communication and clandestine techniques. a b Guillaume, Alain; Piraux, Sylvain (July 30, 1996). "L'Armée craint une menace immigrée - L'armée tisse un nouveau réseau d'espions - La justice et le Comité R enquêtent". Le Soir (in French). Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. A) 1976: Training on radio-communications, intelligence, maritime operations, aerial operations and escape routes.

Strategy of tension - Wikipedia Strategy of tension - Wikipedia

Akbas, Tutkun (15 January 2008). "Türkeş'i CIA kurtardı". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2008. ) See also Video on YouTube Various arrangements emerged, “some at the NATO level, some at the national level.” At the national level, a network began to be created following a double structure:

Britain\u2019s Gladio

Following the fall of France in 1940, Winston Churchill created the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to both assist resistance movements and carry out sabotage and subversive operations in occupied Europe. It was revealed half a century later that SOE was complemented by a stay-behind organisation in Britain, created in extreme secrecy, to prepare for a possible invasion by Nazi Germany. La 'red Gladio' continúa operando, según el ex agente Alberto Volo, El País, August 19, 1991 (in Spanish) The stated goal of the network was to protect Italian territory and citizens if they “came to know occupation and subversion”. A ‘long-armed’ mechanism with great reach was envisaged to encourage the liberation of territory and to “reestablish legal control and legitimate institutions.” What was not said is that our laws and our institutions, had they been loyal to their purpose and correctly applied, would never have allowed for the rise of Gladio, nor for the extent of its duration. The laws and structures of the Republic in no way allow for the creation and operation of state organisms outside of the control of its institutions.